P(collision) = 1 − ∏ (1 − i/N) crosses 50% near 1.177·√N
Run this interactive Cryptography demo live below, or download it as a single self-contained HTML file that works offline in any browser or LMS — one of 1,900+ free interactive teaching demos on Notedeck. With Notedeck you upload your own materials and turn them into interactive courseware, question papers with answer keys, and AI-taught lessons.