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储能·电池
12
engines
荷电状态 SOC 与开路电压曲线
State of charge & open-circuit-voltage curve
SOC=剩余/满容量 · OCV随SOC S形 · DoD=100−SOC · 可用窗口延寿
OCV vs SOC is S-shaped: steep at full/empty, flat in the middle; DoD = 100% − SOC
皮克特定律 · 大电流放电损失容量
Peukert's law · fast discharge wastes capacity
C=I^k·t · 大电流可用容量降=(I额/I)^(k−1) · 2×电流k1.2→87Ah
C_avail = C_rated · (I_rated / I)^(k−1); the faster you discharge, the more capacity is lost as heat
循环寿命 vs 放电深度 DoD
Cycle life vs depth of discharge (DoD)
N≈N参(DoD参/DoD)^n · 100%→1000/50%→3000 · 浅循环寿命长
N ≈ N_ref · (DoD_ref / DoD)^n; shallow cycling multiplies the number of cycles
储能技术拉贡图
Ragone Plot of Storage Technologies
比能量vs比功率 · 电池/超级电容/飞轮各区 · 对数双轴选型
Energy Storage · Ragone
储能往返效率
Round-Trip Efficiency
η_rt=E_out/E_in=η充·η放 · 抽蓄~80%/锂电~90% · 充放损
Energy Storage · round trip
抽水蓄能
Pumped-Hydro Storage
E=ρghVη · 落差h · 电网最大储能 · 抽水充电放水发电
Energy Storage · pumped hydro
飞轮储能
Flywheel Energy Storage
E=½Iω² · 比能量∝边缘速度² · 高功率快响应 · 材料限转速
Rotational kinetic energy E = ½ I ω²
超级电容储能
Supercapacitor Energy Storage
E=½CV² · 高功率低能量 · vs电池 · 快充放百万循环
Double-layer storage E = ½ C V²
电池组串并联配置
Battery Pack Configuration
SnP:串加V/并加Ah · 总能量=S·P·V·Ah · BMS均衡
Series adds voltage · parallel adds capacity
锂电池热失控
Li-ion Thermal Runaway
起始温度阈值 · 放热级联自加速 · 安全裕度 · 隔膜/正极分解
Heat generation rate > dissipation rate → runaway
储能平准化成本 LCOS
Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS)
LCOS=寿命成本/寿命吞吐能量 $/kWh · 循环数/效率/资本
Lifetime cost per kWh delivered ($/kWh)
电池自放电率
Battery Self-Discharge Rate
容量随时间%/月衰减 · 锂离子低/铅酸镍氢高 · 货架寿命
Even idle, charge decays exponentially over time