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The global carbon cycle
The global carbon cycle
储库 Gt C · 光合/呼吸/燃烧通量 · 大气净变化 ppm/yr
A box-and-flux model: emissions minus sinks set the atmosphere's yearly change
The nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle
固氮/硝化/反硝化 · NH₄→NO₂→NO₃ · 微生物驱动
How nitrogen moves between air, soil ions and living tissue
生态足迹 · 需要几个地球
Ecological footprint · Earths needed
各类消费 gha · 生物承载力 1.6 · 需要几个地球
Sum each category in global hectares · compare to one planet's biocapacity
空气质量指数 AQI · EPA 分段线性插值
Air Quality Index · EPA piecewise interpolation
EPA 分段线性插值 · PM2.5/O₃ 断点 · 六级色带
Map a pollutant concentration to an AQI by interpolating within its breakpoint interval
The greenhouse effect & Earth's energy balance
The greenhouse effect & Earth's energy balance
入射短波vs出射长波 · 温室气体截留IR · 能量平衡升温
Absorbed sunlight (1−albedo)·S/4 sets the effective temperature; greenhouse gases trap outgoing infrared and warm the surface
The ice–albedo feedback & climate tipping points
The ice–albedo feedback & climate tipping points
冰-反照率正反馈 · 升温→冰融→反照率降→吸收增→再升温
warmer → less ice → darker surface → more absorbed sunlight → warmer: a reinforcing loop with two stable states
Stratospheric ozone depletion & the chlorine catalytic cycle
Stratospheric ozone depletion & the chlorine catalytic cycle
CFC氯催化破坏O3 · 2O3→3O2氯再生 · UV屏蔽减弱
One chlorine atom destroys thousands of ozone molecules, then is regenerated — net 2 O₃ → 3 O₂
Biomagnification up the food chain
Biomagnification up the food chain
持久毒物沿食物链每级约×10 · 顶级捕食者高负荷
A persistent toxin multiplies ~10× at each trophic level, concentrating in the apex predator
Eutrophication & the oxygen dead zone
Eutrophication & the oxygen dead zone
氮磷过量→藻华→分解耗氧→缺氧死区
Fertiliser runoff → algal bloom → decomposition → oxygen collapse → dead fish
Acid rain · emissions → pH
Acid rain · emissions → pH
SO2/NOx→H2SO4/HNO3 · 雨水pH下降 · 湖泊/森林受损
SO₂ and NOx dissolve into sulfuric & nitric acid, driving rain pH below the clean-rain 5.6
Ecological succession
Ecological succession
原生:裸岩→地衣→土壤→草→灌→乔木 · 次生更快
Step through primary vs secondary succession to a climax community
Keystone species & trophic cascade
Keystone species & trophic cascade
不成比例影响 · 移除引发营养级联 · 海獭→海胆→海藻
Remove the keystone predator and watch the food web rebalance
Species–area relationship
Species–area relationship
S=c·A^z · z≈0.25 · 双对数直线 · 生境丧失降丰富度
S = c·A^z — richness scales with habitat area as a power law
Thermohaline circulation · the global ocean conveyor
Thermohaline circulation · the global ocean conveyor
密度=f(温,盐) · 冷咸下沉驱动深层流 · 全球传送带
ρ = ρ0 + β·(S − S0) − α·(T − T0) · colder + saltier = denser = sinks
Urban heat island · the city temperature transect
Urban heat island · the city temperature transect
城比郊热 · 低反照率/少植被/废热 · 温度剖面峰
ΔTmax = ΔTbase − cV·veg − cA·albedo + cW·waste · warmer downtown, cooler countryside
Renewable energy mix · grid output & carbon intensity
Renewable energy mix · grid output & carbon intensity
各源容量×容量因子=出力 · 可再生占比 · 碳强度
output = capacity · capacity factor · CO₂ intensity = Σ(output·emit) / Σ output