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遗传学·分子生物
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遗传学·分子生物
12
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Central dogma · DNA → mRNA → protein
Central dogma · DNA → mRNA → protein
DNA→转录→mRNA→翻译→蛋白质 · 三轨对齐
Edit the DNA coding strand; watch it become mRNA, then an amino-acid chain
Transcription · template strand → mRNA
Transcription · template strand → mRNA
模板链→mRNA A→U/T→A · 编码链 · 5'/3'方向
Edit the DNA template strand; RNA polymerase builds the complementary mRNA
Translation · mRNA → polypeptide
Translation · mRNA → polypeptide
密码子读框 · 遗传密码表 · 起始AUG/终止 · 多肽链
Edit the mRNA; the ribosome reads codons from AUG to a stop codon
PCR · exponential amplification
PCR · exponential amplification
变性/退火/延伸 · 拷贝=2ⁿ · 指数扩增曲线
Each cycle doubles the target amplicon: copies = initial · 2ⁿ
Restriction mapping
Restriction mapping
识别位点 · 单/双酶切 · 片段长度+电泳梯
Cut a linear DNA with restriction enzymes; read the fragment sizes
mRNA splicing
mRNA splicing
前体去内含子拼外显子 · GU-AG · 可变剪接
Remove introns (GU…AG) and join exons into the mature mRNA
Test cross · finding a hidden genotype
Test cross · finding a hidden genotype
未知×纯合隐性 · 后代比例 · 推断纯合/杂合
Cross an unknown dominant with a homozygous-recessive tester to read the genotype off the offspring
X-linked inheritance · sex-split Punnett
X-linked inheritance · sex-split Punnett
X连锁 · 按性别庞纳特方格 · 携带者/患者比
An X-linked recessive trait affects sons and daughters differently — pick the parents and read the outcome by sex
Epistasis · modifying the 9:3:3:1
Epistasis · modifying the 9:3:3:1
双基因互作 · 9:3:3:1→9:7/9:3:4/12:3:1/15:1
Two interacting genes collapse the dihybrid ratio — pick an interaction and watch the 4×4 square recolour
Three-point test cross · gene mapping
Three-point test cross · gene mapping
双交换定基因顺序 · 重组率→图距cM · 干涉CoC
Read the gene order, map distances and interference from the eight phenotype classes
Chi-square goodness-of-fit · genetic ratios
Chi-square goodness-of-fit · genetic ratios
χ²=Σ(O−E)²/E · 自由度 · 临界值接受/拒绝
Do the observed counts fit the expected Mendelian ratio?
Pedigree analysis · inheritance mode
Pedigree analysis · inheritance mode
方/圆/实心系谱 · 显/隐/X连锁 · 推断基因型
Deduce the inheritance pattern and assign genotypes from a family pedigree