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地理
14
engines
昼夜长短 · 太阳直射与季节
Day length & seasons
地轴倾斜使太阳直射点在南北回归线间移动,改变各纬度的昼长
Axial tilt swings the direct sun ±23.44°, changing each latitude's day length
板块构造 · 边界类型
Plate tectonics · boundary types
板块以何种方式相遇,决定形成海岭、海沟还是断层
How plates meet decides whether you get ridges, trenches or faults
水循环
The water cycle
太阳驱动:蒸发 → 凝结 → 降水 → 径流 → 循环往复
Sun-driven: evaporation → condensation → precipitation → runoff → repeat
气压带与风带 · 三圈环流
Pressure belts & wind belts
三圈环流形成相间的气压带,并决定盛行风向
Three circulation cells create alternating pressure belts and the prevailing winds
洋流 · 大洋环流
Ocean currents · gyre circulation
盛行风 + 地转偏向力驱动大洋环流,重新分配热量
Winds + Coriolis drive great rotating gyres, redistributing heat
等高线 · 地形判读
Contour lines · reading terrain
等高线连接海拔相同的点;疏密反映坡度陡缓
Lines join equal elevations; their spacing tells you the slope
气候图 · 气温与降水
Climograph · temperature & precipitation
逐月平均气温(折线)与降水量(柱状)共同刻画气候类型
Monthly mean temperature (line) and precipitation (bars) shape the climate type
人口金字塔
Population pyramid
人口的年龄—性别结构 · 底座越宽表示人口越年轻、增长越快
Age-sex structure · a wide base means a young, fast-growing population
人口转变模型
Demographic transition model
死亡率先降、出生率后降 —— 两者之间的差就是人口自然增长
Death rate falls first, birth rate later — the gap is the natural increase
经度与地方时 · 时区
Longitude, local time & time zones
经度每 15° 差 1 小时 · 4 分钟/度 · 地方时 / 时区换算
Earth turns 15° per hour — local time = UTC + longitude ÷ 15
大圆航线与球面距离
Great-circle distance & bearing
haversine R=6371 · 大圆最短距离 · 初始方位角
Haversine on a sphere, R = 6371 km — the shortest path is a great circle
柯本气候分类
Köppen climate classification
逐月气温 + 降水 · 柯本气候型 · Af/BWh/Cfb/Dwa
Twelve monthly temps + precip → a climate code, by a fixed numeric decision tree
休斯朗曲线
Hjulström curve
流速—粒径 · 侵蚀 / 搬运 / 沉积 · U 型临界曲线
Velocity vs. grain size decides erosion, transport or deposition
洛伦兹曲线与基尼系数
Lorenz curve & Gini coefficient
洛伦兹曲线 · 基尼系数 · 五等分收入份额
Cumulative income vs. population — the sag below the diagonal measures inequality