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地球科学
12
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Richter magnitude · energy on a log scale
Richter magnitude · energy on a log scale
log₁₀E=4.8+1.5M · 每级能量×31.6 · 振幅×10 · TNT 当量
Amplitude ×10 and energy ×31.6 for every whole magnitude step
The geologic time scale
The geologic time scale
冥古/太古/元古/显生宙 · 三代 Ma 边界 · 寒武爆发/K-Pg
Eons, eras and periods drawn to scale — the deep past of Earth
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
VEI 0–8 对数 · 每级喷出物×10 · 圣海伦斯5/坦博拉7
A 0–8 log scale of erupted volume — each step is roughly ten times bigger
River discharge · Q = A·v (Manning)
River discharge · Q = A·v (Manning)
Q=A·v · 曼宁 v=(1/n)R^⅔S^½ · Q∝深^⁵ᐟ³·√坡
Cross-sectional area times mean velocity, with Manning's equation for the velocity
Glacier mass balance · accumulation − ablation
Glacier mass balance · accumulation − ablation
积累−消融=净平衡 · 平衡线 ELA · 进退/终碛
Net balance decides whether the terminus advances, retreats or holds steady
Isostasy · Airy roots & rebound
Isostasy · Airy roots & rebound
Airy 山根 r=h·ρc/(ρm−ρc) · 冰后回弹 · 浮力平衡
The crust floats on the mantle: mountains grow roots, and unloading rebounds
Ocean thermocline · temperature vs depth
Ocean thermocline · temperature vs depth
混合层-温跃层-深层 · 温度-深度剖面 · ~4°C 深水
Warm mixed layer, a steep thermocline, then the cold deep water (~4 °C)
Seawater density · salinity, temperature & the equation of state
Seawater density · salinity, temperature & the equation of state
ρ=ρ₀+β·ΔS−α·ΔT · 冷咸最重 · 热盐环流下沉
ρ = ρ₀ + β·(S−S₀) − α·(T−T₀) — cold, salty water is densest and sinks
Deep-water waves · phase speed, period & dispersion
Deep-water waves · phase speed, period & dispersion
c=√(gλ/2π)=gT/2π · 群速=c/2 · 色散涌浪
c = √(gλ/2π), T = √(2πλ/g), group speed = c/2 — long swells travel fastest
Coriolis deflection
Coriolis deflection
f=2Ω·sinφ · 赤道0/极大 · 北右南左 · 气旋旋向
On the rotating Earth moving objects deflect right (N) / left (S)
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification
CO₂↑→pH↓ · 0.1pH=+26%H⁺ · 碳酸根/珊瑚钙化
More atmospheric CO₂ dissolves into the sea, lowering its pH
Longshore sediment transport
Longshore sediment transport
波浪斜入射 · 输沙率∝sin(2α) · 45°最大 · 下漂
Waves hitting the beach at an angle push sand along the shore