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国际音标(IPA)元音图
IPA vowel chart
元音按舌位排布:前↔后 与 闭(高)↔开(低)
Vowels placed by tongue position: front↔back and close↔open
Zipf's law · word frequency vs. rank
Zipf's law · word frequency vs. rank
词频 ∝ 1/rank^s · 双对数直线 · 排名-频率拟合
The power law f(r) = C / r^s between frequency and rank; s ≈ 1 for natural language
IPA · pulmonic consonants
IPA · pulmonic consonants
发音部位×发音方式网格 · 清浊配对 · 示例词
Place × manner grid; click a cell for symbol, voicing and an example
Constituency (phrase-structure) trees
Constituency (phrase-structure) trees
短语结构 S/NP/VP · 括号解析 · 成分树布局
Pick a sentence; the bracketed parse is drawn as a tree
语音演变 · 格林定律与元音大推移
Sound change · Grimm's Law & the Great Vowel Shift
格林定律 p→f/t→θ/k→h · 元音大推移 · 规则+例词
Regular sound laws reshaping consonants and vowels over time
Distinctive features · feature matrix & natural classes
Distinctive features · feature matrix & natural classes
音位×[±浊±鼻±持续…] · 特征矩阵 · 自然类
How a binary [±feature] matrix defines every phoneme and every natural class
Minimal pairs · phonemic contrast
Minimal pairs · phonemic contrast
仅一音段不同 bit/pit · /b//p/对立 · 区别意义
One segment changes → the meaning changes → the two segments are separate phonemes
Assimilation · step-by-step rule application
Assimilation · step-by-step rule application
in-→im- · 鼻音部位同化 · 清浊同化 · 规则式
A sound becomes more like its neighbour: nasal place & suffix voicing
Acoustic vowel space · formants F1–F2
Acoustic vowel space · formants F1–F2
F1=高低/F2=前后 · 声学元音空间 · 映射 IPA
Vowels plotted by F1 (height) vs F2 (backness) — the acoustic map behind the IPA quadrilateral
Sonority sequencing · syllable sonority profile
Sonority sequencing · syllable sonority profile
响度顺序原则 · 升到韵核再降 · 阻<鼻<流<滑<元
Sonority rises to the nucleus and falls to the coda — pick a word and read its profile
Syllable structure · the σ / O / R / N / C tree
Syllable structure · the σ / O / R / N / C tree
σ→(声母)韵 · 韵→韵核(韵尾) · 音节树 · CV 结构
σ → (Onset) Rhyme, Rhyme → Nucleus (Coda) — pick a syllable and read its tree
Morphological tree · morpheme segmentation
Morphological tree · morpheme segmentation
词→语素:词根+词缀 · 派生/屈折 · 自底向上
Pick a word and watch it build up morpheme by morpheme into a labelled tree
Word formation · how new words are made
Word formation · how new words are made
派生/复合/转类/混成/缩略/首字母缩略 · 逐步造词
Pick a process and watch an example word being assembled from its inputs
Semantic features · componential analysis
Semantic features · componential analysis
词义拆二元特征[+人±男±成年] · 最小语义对比
Decompose word meanings into binary features and find the minimal contrast between two words
Phrase-structure rules — constituency trees
Phrase-structure rules — constituency trees
S→NP VP · X-阶标 · 自顶向下建成分树
Rewrite S into NP VP and keep going until every leaf is a word
Dependency grammar — head → dependent arcs
Dependency grammar — head → dependent arcs
中心词→依存词弧 · nsubj/dobj/det · ROOT
Every word points to its head; one word is the ROOT
The manual alphabet — fingerspelling
The manual alphabet — fingerspelling
手语手形逐字母 · SVG 手形 · A–Z
Each letter A–Z is a distinct handshape; spell a word one letter at a time