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气象学·大气科学
12
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Dewpoint & humidity (Magnus formula)
Dewpoint & humidity (Magnus formula)
Magnus饱和水汽压 · RH↔露点Td · 混合比w · e=es·RH/100
From temperature, relative humidity and pressure to dewpoint, vapor pressure and mixing ratio
Cloud base — lifting condensation level (LCL)
Cloud base — lifting condensation level (LCL)
Espy h≈125(T−Td) · 干绝热9.8/露点2 °C/km交会
Where a lifted parcel's temperature meets its dewpoint a cloud base forms
CAPE & CIN — convective energy from a sounding
CAPE & CIN — convective energy from a sounding
CAPE=g·Σ(ΔT/T)Δz正浮力 · CIN负浮力 · 探空积分
The positive/negative area between the lifted parcel and the environment profile
Skew-T log-P — sounding & parcel lift
Skew-T log-P — sounding & parcel lift
斜温线+对数气压 · 环境T/Td廓线 · 气块干湿绝热路径
Environmental T / dew-point plus a lifted parcel (dry adiabat → LCL → moist adiabat)
Geostrophic balance — Coriolis vs pressure-gradient force
Geostrophic balance — Coriolis vs pressure-gradient force
f=2Ωsinφ · 地转风Vg=−(1/ρf)∂p/∂n · PGF↔科氏
Vg = (1 / (ρ·f)) · ∂p/∂n, with f = 2Ω·sin φ
Gradient wind — balance around curved isobars
Gradient wind — balance around curved isobars
弯曲等压线 · PGF/科氏/离心三力 · 气旋次地转/反气旋超地转
V²/R + f·V − (1/ρ)·∂p/∂n = 0 (cyclonic vs anticyclonic)
热成风 —— 地转风的垂直切变
Thermal wind — vertical shear of the geostrophic wind
地转风垂直切变∝水平温梯 · 厚度梯度 · 冷暖平流顺逆转
Thermal wind from the layer-thickness gradient; reading veering vs. backing with height
风向玫瑰图
Wind rose
16方位极坐标 · 风速分级堆叠花瓣 · 静风率 · 主导风向
Polar frequency plot over 16 compass sectors and 4 wind-speed classes
地面填图(测站模式)
Surface station model
T/Td/海平面气压编码 · 风羽(全10半5三角50kt) · 云量圆
Plotting temperature, dew point, sea-level pressure, wind, sky cover and weather at standard positions
大气弗劳德数 — 越山流 vs 绕流
Atmospheric Froude number — flow-over vs flow-around
Fr=U/(Nh) · Brunt–Väisälä频率N · 绕流/越山/背风波
Decide whether stratified flow rides over or is blocked around a ridge from N, U and h
体感温度 — 热指数(Heat Index)与加拿大 Humidex
Apparent temperature — US Heat Index & Canadian Humidex
热指数Rothfusz回归 · Humidex · 舒适↔危险分级
Two feels-like indices from temperature T and relative humidity RH, with comfort/danger bands
风寒温度 — 北美 Wind Chill (WCT)
Wind chill — North American Wind Chill Temperature (WCT)
WCT=13.12+0.6215T−11.37V^0.16+0.3965T·V^0.16 · 冻伤风险
Equivalent wind-chill temperature from air temp T and wind speed V, with frostbite-risk bands