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采矿工程
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边界品位(保本)
Break-even Cutoff Grade
gc=成本/(价格×回收率)=0.46%Cu · 之上矿石/之下废石 · 价升gc降
gc = cost ÷ (price × recovery): material below gc is waste
剥采比(保本)
Break-even Stripping Ratio
SR=废/矿 · 盈亏SR=(价值−矿成本)/剥离成本=10:1 · 露天
SR_be = (value − ore cost) ÷ waste cost: max waste per tonne ore at break-even
品位-吨位曲线
Grade–Tonnage Curve
边界品位↑→吨位↓平均品位↑ · 含金属量中间峰 · 双轴
As cutoff rises → tonnage falls, average grade rises; contained metal = tonnage × avg grade
采矿贫化与回采率 · g_d = (Q·g + D·g_w)/(Q+D)
Mining dilution & ore recovery · g_d = (Q·g + D·g_w)/(Q+D)
贫化后g_d=(矿·g+废·g_w)/(矿+废)=4.35g/t · 回采率×金属
Waste dilution lowers the delivered grade; recovery sets the metal extracted
邦德粉碎功指数 · W = 10·Wi·(1/√P80 − 1/√F80)
Bond work index · W = 10·Wi·(1/√P80 − 1/√F80)
W=10·Wi(1/√P80−1/√F80)=13.5kWh/t · 越细能耗骤升
The comminution energy law: grinding finer costs disproportionately more
泡沫浮选回收率 · R = c(f − t) / (f(c − t))
Froth flotation recovery · R = c(f − t) / (f(c − t))
R=c(f−t)/(f(c−t))=90.4% · 两产品公式 · 品位-回收权衡
Two-product formula: recovery from feed, concentrate and tailings assays
台阶爆破炸药单耗设计
Bench-blast powder factor design
PF=炸药/岩石=0.43kg/m³ · B×S×H · 装药+堵塞 · 破碎度
Powder factor PF from the drill pattern (burden, spacing, bench height) and charge per hole, with a fragmentation read-out
矿井通风:风阻平方定律与风机功率
Mine ventilation: square law and fan power
平方律p=R·Q²=1250Pa · 风机功率62.5kW · 需风量
Airway pressure p = R·Q², fan air power p·Q, checked against the required airflow
露天矿卡车运输循环与车队规模
Open-pit truck haulage cycle and fleet size
循环=装+运+卸+返+调=17min · 353t/h/车 · 车队6 · 匹配系数
Per-truck productivity and required fleet from the cycle time (load / haul / dump / return / spot)
堆浸回收率随时间变化
Heap-Leach Recovery over Time
R(t)=R∞(1−e^(−kt)) · R(30)=47.5% R(90)=74.6% · 渐近R∞
Crushed ore stacked & irrigated; metal dissolves toward an ultimate recovery
矿产资源量与储量分类
Mineral Resource & Reserve Classification
推断→控制→探明资源 · 修正因素→概略/证实储量 · 置信双轴
JORC / NI 43-101 framework: rising geological confidence; modifying factors turn resources into reserves
净冶炼回收 NSR(每吨原矿)
Net Smelter Return (NSR) per Tonne of Ore
NSR=品位×回收×计价×价−TC/RC/运输=$110.9/t · 收入瀑布
The revenue a mine actually receives per tonne of ore after off-site charges