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光伏·太阳能
12
engines
光伏电池 I-V 与 P-V 特性曲线
Solar Cell I-V and P-V Characteristics
I=Isc−I0(e^(V/Vt)−1) · Isc/Voc/MPP · P=V·I峰 · I-V+P-V
Single-diode model: short-circuit current Isc, open-circuit voltage Voc and the MPP
填充因子与组件效率
Fill Factor and Module Efficiency
FF=Pmax/(Voc·Isc)=0.747 · η=Pmax/(G·A)=20% · MPP矩形面积比
FF measures how «square» the I-V curve is; η measures how much sunlight the module turns into electricity
最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
P-V峰 · R_mpp=Vmp/Imp · 负载线 · 偏离MPP功率损
Load line, impedance matching and the power lost off the MPP
光伏板最佳倾角 · cos(纬度−倾角)
Solar panel tilt angle · cos(latitude−tilt)
入射cos(θ) · 最佳倾角≈纬度 · 平放损cos(纬度) · 陡冬缓夏
The best fixed tilt for a solar panel ≈ the site latitude
光伏温度降额 · P = P_STC(1+γΔT)
PV temperature derating · P = P_STC(1+γΔT)
P=P_stc(1+γ(T−25)) · γ≈−0.4%/°C · 45°C→276W · NOCT
Hotter cells produce less power
大气质量与辐照度 · AM = 1/cos θz
Air mass & irradiance · AM = 1/cos θz
AM=1/cos(θz)
[email protected]
° · AM1.5标准 · G=1353·0.7^(AM^0.678)
Lower sun → longer atmospheric path → weaker ground irradiance
光伏阵列串并联
PV array series / parallel
串加V/并加I · Ns×Np · 20串600V/3并30A/18kW · MPPT窗
Series adds voltage, parallel adds current: how Ns×Np modules set array V / I / P
光伏电站性能比 PR
PV plant Performance Ratio (PR)
PR=实际/理论=0.80 · ∏(1−损耗) · 温度/污染/逆变/线损
From ideal yield down each loss to actual yield — PR is the plant's quality factor
局部遮挡与旁路二极管
Partial shading & bypass diodes
串联受最弱限流 · 旁路二极管绕行 · I-V双峰局部+全局
One shaded module → series current-limiting crashes power; a bypass diode recovers most of it and makes a double peak
Shockley-Queisser 效率极限
Shockley-Queisser Efficiency Limit
单结效率-带隙 · 峰≈33.7%@1.34eV · <Eg不吸收/>Eg热损 · Si/GaAs
Single-junction cell's max theoretical efficiency vs bandgap, set by two competing losses
离网蓄电池自持天数选型
Off-Grid Battery Autonomy Sizing
容量Wh=负载×天数/(DoD×η)=21176Wh · 48V→441Ah · 天数↑电池↑
The bank must ride through nights and cloudy days: capacity = load × days ÷ DoD ÷ η
逆变器 DC/AC 超配比与削峰
Inverter DC/AC Ratio & Clipping
DC/AC比ILR≈1.1–1.3 · 超AC额定削峰clipping · 比大低光多收
Arrays are oversized vs the inverter to harvest low-light energy; power above the AC limit is clipped