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物理
35
engines
a–F 图(m 固定)
a–F (m fixed)
光滑水平面 · 控制变量法 · 数据与坐标由计算核统一给出
Frictionless surface · control-variable method · all data from one kernel
v–t 图(速度—时间)
v–t (velocity–time)
一个物体、一个加速度 · 所有曲线由计算核统一给出
One object, one acceleration · all curves from one kernel
轨迹图(y–x)
Trajectory (y vs x)
x = v₀cosθ·t,y = v₀sinθ·t − ½gt² · 数据由计算核统一给出(g = 9.8)
x = v₀cosθ·t, y = v₀sinθ·t − ½gt² · all from one kernel (g = 9.8)
重力分量—倾角图
Force components vs θ
G = mg 分解为 G∥ = mg·sinθ 与 G⊥ = mg·cosθ · 数据由计算核统一给出(g = 9.8)
G = mg splits into G∥ = mg·sinθ and G⊥ = mg·cosθ · from one kernel (g = 9.8)
I–U 图(R 固定)
I–U (fixed R)
一个电路、一条定律 · I–U 直线与 I–R 曲线由计算核统一给出
One circuit, one law · I–U line and I–R curve from one kernel
x–t 图(位移)
x–t (displacement)
x=A·cosωt,v=−Aω·sinωt · 数据由计算核统一给出(ω=2π/T)
x=A·cosωt, v=−Aω·sinωt · from one kernel (ω=2π/T)
匀速圆周运动
Uniform circular motion
速度始终沿切线;加速度始终指向圆心
Velocity is always tangent; acceleration always points to the centre
串联与并联电路
Series & parallel circuits
串联:R=R₁+R₂,电流处处相等 · 并联:1/R=1/R₁+1/R₂,电压处处相等
Series: R=R₁+R₂, same current · Parallel: 1/R=1/R₁+1/R₂, same voltage
光的折射 · 斯涅尔定律
Refraction · Snell's law
n₁·sinθ₁ = n₂·sinθ₂ · 超过临界角则发生全反射
n₁·sinθ₁ = n₂·sinθ₂ · beyond the critical angle: total internal reflection
RC 电路 · 电容充电
RC circuit · charging a capacitor
时间常数 τ=RC · 一个 τ 充到 63%,约 5τ 后基本充满
Time constant τ=RC · 63 % charged after one τ, ~fully after 5τ
电磁感应 · 交流发电机
Electromagnetic induction · AC generator
线圈在磁场中转动,产生按正弦规律变化的电动势
A coil spinning in a magnetic field induces a sinusoidal EMF
热机 · 卡诺循环
Heat engine · Carnot cycle
净功等于循环围成的面积;理论最高效率为 1 − Tc/Th
Net work is the loop area; the best possible efficiency is 1 − Tc/Th
多普勒效应
Doppler effect
运动的波源使前方波前变密 —— 靠近时音调变高
A moving source bunches wavefronts ahead — the pitch rises as it nears you
驻波 · 弦的振动
Standing waves on a string
波节固定、波腹来回摆动;第 n 谐波恰好容纳 n 个半波
Fixed nodes, swinging antinodes; the nth harmonic fits n half-waves
核结合能 · 裂变与聚变
Nuclear binding energy · fission & fusion
当原子核向铁峰靠拢时释放核能
Energy is released when nuclei move toward the iron peak
静电场 · 点电荷
Electrostatic field · point charges
电场箭头由正电荷指出、指向负电荷 · F = kq₁q₂/d²
Field arrows point away from + and toward − · F = kq₁q₂/d²
机械能守恒
Conservation of mechanical energy
光滑轨道上 势能 + 动能 保持不变 —— 高度换成速度
On a frictionless track PE + KE stays constant — height trades for speed
行波 y = A·sin(kx − ωt)
Traveling wave y = A·sin(kx − ωt)
波形沿 +x 传播;每个质点只在原地上下振动
The wave moves in +x; each particle only oscillates up and down
凸透镜成像
Converging lens · image formation
三条特殊光线确定像的位置 · 1/u + 1/v = 1/f
Three principal rays locate the image · 1/u + 1/v = 1/f
杠杆平衡 · 力矩
Lever balance · torque
当 F₁·d₁ = F₂·d₂ 时平衡;力矩大的一侧下沉
Balances when F₁·d₁ = F₂·d₂; tilts toward the larger torque
受力分析 · 摩擦力
Free-body diagram · friction
F ≤ μN 时物体静止;超过后开始滑动,a=(F−μN)/m
While F ≤ μN the block stays put; beyond that it slides with a=(F−μN)/m
浮力 · 浮沉与浸没比例
Buoyancy · floating & sinking
ρ物 < ρ液 时漂浮;浸没比例 = ρ物/ρ液
Floats when ρobject < ρliquid; submerged fraction = ρobject/ρliquid
一维碰撞 · 动量守恒
1-D collision · conservation of momentum
动量在两种碰撞中都守恒;动能只在弹性碰撞中守恒
Momentum is conserved either way; kinetic energy only for an elastic collision
热量与温度 · Q = mcΔT
Heat & temperature · Q = mcΔT
同样的热量,质量小或比热容小的物质升温更多
The same heat raises a light or low-specific-heat substance more
库仑定律 · 点电荷间的静电力
Coulomb's law · force between point charges
两点电荷 · F=kq₁q₂/r² · 引力斥力与平方反比随电荷/距离实时变化
F = k·q₁·q₂/r² · like signs repel, unlike attract
理想气体状态方程 · PV = nRT
Ideal gas law · PV = nRT
PV=nRT · 给定 n 解 P/V/T · 状态量随滑块联动
Pick one unknown; solve it from the other three · R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
单摆 · 周期与摆长
Simple pendulum · period & length
T=2π√(L/g) · 摆长/重力/振幅可调 · 小角简谐
T = 2π√(L/g) for small swings · a little longer at large amplitude
放射性衰变 · 半衰期
Radioactive decay · half-life
N=N₀(½)^(t/T½) · 半衰期/衰变常数/活度 · 放射性测年
N = N₀·(½)^(t/T½) · λ = ln2/T½ · activity A = λN
液体压强 · 压强随深度变化
Hydrostatic pressure · pressure with depth
P=P₀+ρgh · 压强随深度 · 侧壁受力 ½ρgH²w
P = P₀ + ρgh · rises linearly with depth · wall force F = ½ρg·H²·w
无限深势阱中的粒子
Particle in an infinite square well
Eₙ=n²h²/8mL² · ψₙ=√(2/L)sin(nπx/L) · 概率密度
Quantised energy levels Eₙ ∝ n², wavefunctions ψₙ(x) and probability density |ψₙ(x)|²
光电效应 · 爱因斯坦光电方程
Photoelectric effect · Einstein's equation
Kmax=hf−φ · 截止频率 f₀=φ/h · 遏止电压
Kmax = hf − φ · threshold frequency f₀ = φ/h · stopping voltage Vs = Kmax/e
黑体辐射 · 普朗克定律
Blackbody radiation · Planck's law
普朗克谱 · 维恩 λmaxT=2.898e−3 · 斯特藩 T⁴
B(λ,T) with Wien's displacement λmax = b/T and the Stefan–Boltzmann T⁴ total
杨氏双缝干涉
Young's double-slit interference
条纹间距 Δy=λL/d · I₀cos² · 光程差 d·sinθ=mλ
Fringe spacing Δy = λL/d · intensity I(y)=I₀cos²(πdy/λL) with single-slit envelope
狭义相对论 · 闵可夫斯基时空图
Special relativity · Minkowski spacetime
闵可夫斯基时空图 · 洛伦兹变换 · γ=1/√(1−β²)
β sets the tilt · γ = 1/√(1−β²) · ct′ = γ(ct−βx), x′ = γ(x−βct)
阻尼受迫振动共振曲线
Damped driven resonance
A(ω) 幅频响应 · 共振峰 · 品质因数 Q=ω₀/γ
A(ω)=(F₀/m)/√((ω₀²−ω²)²+(γω)²) · φ(ω)=atan2(γω, ω₀²−ω²) · Q=ω₀/γ