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政治学
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投票制度 · 究竟谁获胜?
Voting methods · who really wins?
多数决/波达/IRV/孔多塞 · 同票不同胜者
The same ballots, scored four ways, can crown four different winners
效率差距 · 度量选区操纵
Efficiency gap · measuring gerrymanders
浪费票 · EG=(浪费A−浪费B)/总票 · >7% 疑划分
Wasted votes reveal a rigged map: pack and crack, and one party wastes far more
孔多塞投票法 · 两两比较
Condorcet method · pairwise voting
两两对决矩阵 · 孔多塞胜者 · 投票循环悖论
Pairwise majority comparisons find the candidate who beats all others — or expose a cycle
选举人团 · 赢者通吃
Electoral college · winner-take-all
赢者通吃电票 · 270 门槛 · 普选 vs 电票背离
Whole electoral-vote blocks flip on a 50% line — so the popular vote and the electoral vote can disagree
班扎夫权力指数 · 加权投票
Banzhaf power index · weighted voting
枚举 2ⁿ 联盟 · 关键票 · 权力≠权重
Real voting power is not proportional to weight — count who is critical to winning coalitions